Grid
The Material Design responsive layout grid adapts to screen size and orientation, ensuring consistency across layouts.
The grid creates visual consistency between layouts while allowing flexibility across a wide variety of designs. Material Design’s responsive UI is based on a 12-column grid layout.
How it works
The grid system is implemented with the Grid component:
- It uses CSS’s Flexible Box module for high flexibility.
- There are two types of layout: containers and items.
- Item widths are set in percentages, so they’re always fluid and sized relative to their parent element.
- Items have padding to create the spacing between individual items.
- There are five grid breakpoints: xs, sm, md, lg, and xl.
If you are new to or unfamiliar with flexbox, we encourage you to read this CSS-Tricks flexbox guide.
Spacing
The responsive grid focuses on consistent spacing widths, rather than column width.
Material Design margins and columns follow an 8px square baseline grid.
The spacing property is an integer between 0 and 10 inclusive.
By default, the spacing between two grid items follows a linear function: output(spacing) = spacing * 8px, e.g. spacing={2} creates a 16px wide gap.
This output transformation function can be customized using the theme.
Fluid grids
Fluid grids use columns that scale and resize content. A fluid grid’s layout can use breakpoints to determine if the layout needs to change dramatically.
Basic grid
The column widths apply at all breakpoints (i.e. xs and up).
Grid with breakpoints
Some columns have multiple widths defined, causing the layout to change at the defined breakpoint.
Interactive
Below is an interactive demo that lets you explore the visual results of the different settings:
<Grid
container
direction="row"
justify="center"
alignItems="center"
>Auto-layout
The Auto-layout makes the items equitably share the available space. That also means you can set the width of one item and the others will automatically resize around it.
Complex Grid
The following demo doesn't follow the Material Design specification, but illustrates how the grid can be used to build complex layouts.
Nested Grid
The container and item properties are two independent booleans. They can be combined.
A flex container is the box generated by an element with a computed display of
flexorinline-flex. In-flow children of a flex container are called flex items and are laid out using the flex layout model.
<Grid container spacing={1}>
<Grid container item xs={12} spacing={3}>
<FormRow />
</Grid>
<Grid container item xs={12} spacing={3}>
<FormRow />
</Grid>
<Grid container item xs={12} spacing={3}>
<FormRow />
</Grid>
</Grid>
Limitations
Negative margin
There is one limitation with the negative margin we use to implement the spacing between items.
A horizontal scroll will appear if a negative margin goes beyond the <body>.
There are 3 available workarounds:
- Not using the spacing feature and implementing it in user space
spacing={0}(default). - Applying padding to the parent with at least half the spacing value applied to the child:
<body> <div style={{ padding: 20 }}> <Grid container spacing={5}> //... </Grid> </div> </body> - Adding
overflow-x: hidden;to the parent.
white-space: nowrap;
The initial setting on flex items is min-width: auto.
It's causing a positioning conflict when the children is using white-space: nowrap;.
You can experience the issue with:
<Grid item xs>
<Typography noWrap>In order for the item to stay within the container you need to set min-width: 0.
In practice, you can set the zeroMinWidth property:
<Grid item xs zeroMinWidth>
<Typography noWrap>Truncation should be conditionally applicable on this long line of text as this is a much longer line than what the container can support.
Truncation should be conditionally applicable on this long line of text as this is a much longer line than what the container can support.
Truncation should be conditionally applicable on this long line of text as this is a much longer line than what the container can support.
direction: column | column-reverse
Though the Grid component has a direction property that allows values of row, row-reverse, column, and column-reverse,
there are some features that are not supported within column and column-reverse containers.
The properties which define the number of grids the component will use for a given breakpoint
(xs, sm, md, lg, and xl) are focused on controlling width
and do not have similar effects on height within column and column-reverse containers.
If used within column or column-reverse containers, these properties may have undesirable effects on the width of the Grid elements.
CSS Grid Layout
Material-UI doesn't provide any CSS Grid functionality itself, but as seen below you can easily use CSS Grid to layout your pages.